Articles: History of Gorkhaland movement: Issue Overview

The Gorkhaland issue refers to the long-standing demand for a separate state of Gorkhaland within India, primarily by the Gorkha ethnic community. This demand is centered in the Darjeeling district and parts of the Dooars region in the state of West Bengal. The Gorkhas, primarily Nepali-speaking people, have sought a distinct state within India to protect their cultural identity, language, and economic interests.

Historical Background

The roots of the Gorkhaland movement can be traced back to the British colonial period. Darjeeling and surrounding areas were originally part of the Kingdom of Sikkim, but were annexed by the British in the 19th century. The British brought Nepali-speaking Gorkhas to the region to work in the tea plantations, which led to the growth of a substantial Gorkha population in the area. After India's independence in 1947, these areas became part of West Bengal.The demand for a separate Gorkhaland state has arisen due to the Gorkha community's perception of neglect, cultural and linguistic differences, and economic disparities compared to the rest of West Bengal. The feeling of alienation and lack of political representation has fueled the Gorkhaland movement over the years.

Phases of the Gorkhaland Movement

1.Initial Demands (1980s): The Gorkhaland movement gained momentum in the 1980s under the leadership of Subhash Ghising and the Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF). This phase was marked by violent protests, strikes, and clashes with the state government. The demand at this time was for a separate state within India. In 1988, after prolonged unrest, the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC) was created as an autonomous administrative body to address the grievances of the Gorkhas, but the demand for a separate state continued.

2.Renewal of Demands (2007 Onwards): In 2007, a new organization called the Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJM), led by Bimal Gurung, revived the demand for Gorkhaland. This period saw widespread protests and strikes, especially in 2010 and 2013, when the movement again gained national attention. The GJM rejected the DGHC, calling it an inadequate solution, and insisted on a separate state.

3.Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA), 2011: In 2011, the West Bengal government signed an agreement with the GJM to form the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA), an autonomous body with more powers than the DGHC. However, the Gorkha leaders saw this as a temporary arrangement, and the demand for a separate state remained. Periodic agitations and bandhs (strikes) have continued since then.

4.2017 Agitations: The Gorkhaland issue erupted again in 2017 with violent protests in Darjeeling after the West Bengal government’s decision to make Bengali compulsory in schools across the state. The Gorkhas, whose primary language is Nepali, opposed this move, fearing the imposition of Bengali culture. The agitation turned violent, leading to several deaths and a lengthy strike that paralyzed life in the region for more than 100 days.

Reasons for the Gorkhaland Demand

1.Cultural and Linguistic Identity: The Gorkha community speaks Nepali and has a distinct cultural heritage, which sets it apart from the Bengali-speaking population of West Bengal. The demand for Gorkhaland is rooted in the desire to preserve this unique identity.

2.Economic Neglect: The Darjeeling region, though famous for its tea industry and tourism, has seen significant economic disparities and underdevelopment compared to other parts of West Bengal. Many in the Gorkha community feel that the region's economic needs have been ignored by successive state governments.

3.Political Marginalization: The Gorkha community feels underrepresented in the political landscape of West Bengal, where Bengalis form the majority. The demand for a separate state is seen as a way to gain more political power and autonomy for the Gorkhas.

4.Historical Grievances: Over the years, the failure of autonomous arrangements like the DGHC and GTA to address the community's demands has fueled the push for full statehood. The Gorkhas believe that only a separate state can guarantee them adequate representation and control over their resources.

Opposition to Gorkhaland

1.West Bengal Government: Successive West Bengal governments, led by various political parties, have opposed the creation of a separate state, fearing it would lead to the further division of the state and a loss of territory. The state government has generally preferred granting more autonomy rather than full statehood.

2.Ethnic Diversity in Darjeeling: Darjeeling and the Dooars region are not homogeneous in terms of population. Besides Gorkhas, there are also significant Bengali, Adivasi, and other ethnic communities who may not support the idea of a separate state. This adds complexity to the movement.

Current Status

The Gorkhaland issue remains unresolved. While the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA) continues to function with limited powers, the demand for a separate state persists among many sections of the Gorkha community. However, the intensity of the movement has varied in recent years depending on political developments and the leadership of the Gorkha parties.

The central government has been cautious in handling the Gorkhaland issue, often seeking to balance between granting autonomy and preserving the integrity of West Bengal. There have been periodic negotiations between the Gorkha leaders, the state government, and the central government, but a permanent solution is yet to be found.

In summary

The Gorkhaland issue is a complex movement centered around the Gorkha community’s aspirations for a separate state within India to protect their cultural identity and ensure better governance and development. The movement, while subdued at times, remains an unresolved and sensitive political issue in West Bengal.

Gorkhaland Issue Summary

Aspect	Details
Location	Darjeeling district and parts of the Dooars region, West Bengal, India
Community	Primarily the Gorkha ethnic community, predominantly Nepali-speaking people
Demand	Establishment of a separate state of Gorkhaland
Cultural Identity	Aim to protect and promote Gorkha cultural heritage and identity
Language	Emphasis on the preservation and recognition of the Nepali language
Economic Interests	Desire for better economic development and opportunities for the Gorkha community
Political Context	Involves various political parties and movements, including the Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJM)
Historical Background	The demand for Gorkhaland has roots in colonial history and socio-political factors post-independence
Current Status	Ongoing negotiations and protests; periodic escalations of tensions with state and central governments